Important Developments in Islamic States & Rulership

Decline and Collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate

By the mid-10th century, the Sunni Muslim Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) with its capital in capital of Iraq incapacitated lock over Egypt, which was ruled from 969 to 1171 by Fatimids of the dissident Ismaili sect, atomic number 7 Africa and Spain. Even in Mesopotamia itself and in Persia, Lapidus says that "by 935 the regime had lost control of virtually all of its provinces except the region or so Baghdad" (132). The Abbasid caliphs became the prisoners of foreign host elites which they imported from Central Asia. As central authority disintegrated, public works such as irrigation decayed and trade declined. Lapidus says that in the East "everywhere the old(a) landowning and bureaucratic elites lost their authority and were replaced by new military and political elites composed of nomadic chieftains and slave soldiers," such as the Buwayhids in western Iran and Iraq, the Saminids in Eastern Iran and Transoxania and in the after-hours 12th century the Ghaznavids, Afghan tribes who ruled Khurasan in ripe Afghanistan and parts of Northern India.

The chaotic conditions within the Abbasid Caliphate and the decline of the winding state in Anatolia opened their northern and eastern frontiers to migrations and incursions by nomadic peoples from the steppes around the Caspian Sea, most notably the Seljuk Turks who get the better of the Byzantines in two major

subsequently their defeat by the Mongols in 1243, power in Anatolia was effectively divided between the Byzantines who were periodically allied with the Frankish Outremer along the Eastern Mediterranean coastal littoral and the Mongols with what was left of the Seljuks squeezed into cragged areas between them.

Saladin's clan, the Ayyubids remained in power in Egypt until 1250 and Syria until 1260 when they were ousted by castle revolts led by Mamluk slaves. The Mamluks were warriors purchased in the non-Muslim hinterlands as children and brought to Muslim capitals such as Cairo where they were raised in the household of their master to become warriors. Holt notes that "Mamluk households became factions which supported their masters in the contest for uplifted office, even the sultanate itself" (138-139). The Seljuk and Kurdish rulers never established the superstar of hereditary succession so after the death of a strong ruler like Saladin, factional struggles for power followed. These eventually resulted in the Mamluk takeovers.

Fragmentation and Reunification in the West

battles in Anatolia in 1071 and 1176. The Seljuks reborn to Sunni Islam and during their periodic control over Mesopotamia after they first captured Baghdad in 1055 acted as Sultans wielding effective power under titulary Abbasid Caliphs.

Ordercustompaper.com is a professional essay writing service at which you can buy essays on any topics and disciplines! All custom essays are written by professional writers!